Personal reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diabetes 2 Essay Example For Students

Diabetes 2 Essay Diabetes A few people have an illness that expects them to take day by day infusions of insulin. This malady is called diabetes, and can't be restored. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario where a non working pancreatic islet cells could be made to create insulin indeed. That would fix diabetes. The chance has set the diabetes world energized in the course of the last not many monthsever since analysts at McGill University in Canada and the Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS) effectively recovered islet cells in diabetic hamsters. The scientists utilized a blend of proteins called Ilotropin to turn on nonfunctional islet cells. The treatment likewise made new islet cells develop where there had been not many or none. From that point forward, in a report in the May 1997 Journal of Clinical Investigations, the scientists have recognized the quality that Ilotropin triggers, the one associated with recovering the islet cells. On the off chance that the human adaptation of a similar quality could be turned on in comparable style, type I insulin subordinate diabetics and type IIs who infuse insulin may have their characteristic insulin-creating device reestablished. What is Diabetes? All things considered, this ailment is known as diabetes mellitus, diabetes from the Greek word meaning unnecessary pee, a side effect the Greeks saw, and mellitus, from the Latin for nectar, which is on the grounds that diabetic pee is loaded up with sugar and is sweet. Doctors and clinical books utilize the term diabetes mellitus, yet is the most regularly called diabetes. There are two significant sorts of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Them two are somewhat extraordinary. Be that as it may, everybody with diabetes makes them thing in like manner: Little or no capacity to move sugaror glucoseout of their blood into their cells, where it is the bodys essential fuel. Everybody has glucose in their blood, regardless of whether they have diabetes. This glucose originates from food. At the point when we eat, the stomach related procedure separates starches into glucose, which is retained into the blood in the small digestive system. To get insulin into the blood, do you need to infuse it with a needle? Indeed, yet ideally not for an excessive amount of longer. Two new investigations show that a trial new breathed in insulin is in any event as viable as infused insulin. A no-infusion strategy for insulin has been the most significant investigation for diabetes look into for quite a while, on the grounds that it would make blood glucose control a lot simpler. Insulin pills fizzled in light of the fact that acids in the stomach obliterate the pill. Spurting insulin into the nose additionally demonstrated nothing more than trouble in view of dosing issues and nasal bothering. In any case, researchers presently appear to have hit on something that works, which is a fine powder breathed in by mouth into the lungs, where it very well may be assimilated into the circulation system. The hormone is regulated with an electric lamp measured inhaler. Does diabetes cause visual deficiency? Now and again is does, Compared with non-diabetics, individuals with diabetes are multiple times bound to get visually impaired. Among individuals who are lawfully visually impaired, eight percent lost their vision in view of diabetes. Every year, diabetes is the hidden reason for twelve percent of new visual impairment analyze. Among new conclusions of type 2 diabetes, up to 21 percent give some level of visual impairment. The most well-known sort of eye ailment that diabetics get is retinopathy. Retinopathy is brought about by harm to the veins that feed the retinal nerves. Similarly as ineffectively controlled diabetes hurts the significant veins, causing coronary illness and stroke, the sickness additionally negatively affects the modest veins in the retina. Diabetes likewise increment danger of waterfalls, brought about by obfuscating of the focal point of the eye, and glaucoma, brought about by an expansion in liquid weight inside the eye that harms the optic nerve. In non-diabetic grown-ups, under 1 percent have glaucoma and 3 percent have waterfalls. Among individuals with diabetes, the figures are 7 percent that have glaucoma and 22 percent have waterfalls. These conditions cause a significant part of the vision disability in individuals determined to have diabetes over age 30 (type 2). .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .postImageUrl , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:hover , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:visited , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:active { border:0!important; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:active , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:hover { mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1aa cf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Copernicus Essay Risk of the two waterfalls and glaucoma increments with age. These conditions are another explanation diabetics ought to have yearly eye tests. On the off chance that waterfalls become extreme, the eye focal point can be supplanted with a fake focal point. On the off chance that glaucoma creates, it very well may be treated with meds that diminish the .

How to Spend Free Time in College

How to Spend Free Time in College How to Spend Free Time in College Home›Education Posts›How to Spend Free Time in College Education PostsWhile in college, students spend a lot of time on studying. They are overloaded with tons of different assignments, classes, seminars, group meetings, etc., therefore, they rarely get free time. For this very reason, if you have any free time, you should make the most of it. There are a lot of things you may do when you have free time all the more those that can be done on campus. As you study in college, you for sure know that campus life is very interesting and active. Thus, you may find some activities you are interested in. You should understand that studying in college doesn’t have to be boring, on the contrary, it is pleasant, funny time you will remember with smile on your face.So well, are you thinking about how to spend free time in college? You don’t know what to do when you are free from classes? You are bored?Qualitycustomessays.com has some tips on what to do when you are free:First of all, you may take an extra class that relates to your interest.Learn something that you like will bring you positive feelings.If you don’t want to study, then you may spare time for hobby.If you like cooking, you may cook. Like doing exercises? Go to gym!If you like sports, you may join a college sport team.Also one of the best activities is spending your time with friends. Together you can find what to do and what will bring you a lot of fun.A very good option for spending free time is volunteering as helping other people definitely brings joy.Of course, it is your choice how to spend free time in college, therefore, do what you like to do and everything will be superb!

Violence in Sports - 1659 Words

Unfortunately, violence has become a part of everyday life in our world. It can be witnessed in many forms and of different proportions in numerous situations. Never, under any circumstances is violence good. When one thinks of violence, thoughts may arise of war, people committing violent acts against others, domestic violence within families, and not to mention the abundance of television shows and movies that are packed with sadistic, yet entertaining violence of all sorts. Over the past couple of decades there has been an increased concern regarding the spread of violence throughout our realm and in our homes. However, one area in which violence has had such heavy influence is within sports. To analyze violence in sports, one†¦show more content†¦Last season Todd Bertuzzi of the Vancouver Canucks dropped Colorado Avalanche rookie Steve Moore from behind causing Moore to suffer three broken vertebrae in his neck and a concussion. Some say that hockey actually made Be rtuzzi do what he did. Though Bertuzzi acted out of rage, it was really nothing more than what hockey taught him and literally hundreds of thousands of kids to do over the past fifty years. I have played hockey for well over half of my life and I know this to be true; it is the nature of the sport. Violence is conditioned into all of us in different ways and to different degrees. Those who say Hockey made Bertuzzi do it, do have a point. It is the same in the streets and households across the country. If a child is constantly faced with violence in their home, they will no doubt grow up to be more violent than the child who did not experience such living. This goes for anyone and in all areas of life. Violence is a vicious cycle and is very close to impossible to stop or even cut down. The more one is conditioned to violence, the more violent a person they will become. How does one justify violence in the sports we have come to love? One of the most interesting aspects of sports violence is that which is committed by the fan. Not only is violence committed by athletes, but at times sport fans can get so caught up and emotionally charged by rooting for their home team and things end up getting out of hand. The best examples of thisShow MoreRelatedSports Are Linked with Violence and Aggression1136 Words   |  5 Pagespositives that come from playing sports; most of the time sports are linked with violence and aggression. (Wann)(SV;SV). Fights and violence in sports has been on the rise as of lately. Players are being much more aggressive than ever before. â€Å"Some level of violence will always remain in sports† such as football, hockey, and rugby (â€Å"Violence Inevitable†). Sports such as these thrive off of violence and they must if they are to stay around. This violence has impacted sports from the players to the fansRead Mor eViolence in sports refers to the physical acts committed in contact sports such as soccer, hockey,600 Words   |  3 Pages Violence in sports refers to the physical acts committed in contact sports such as soccer, hockey, football and basketball. These acts of violence can include intentional attempts or threats to physically harm another player by the athletes and coaches engaged in spectator sports. Sports violence is widespread with its roots being traced back to the times of Ancient Roman gladiator fights and chariot races. In today’s sports culture, there is a high price placed on victory and sports fans haveRead More Sports Violence in Relation to Preserving Values in Society Essay808 Words   |  4 Pages post-game sports riots, and increasing injuries are all images of today’s sports that are familiar to us. In recent years players and fans alike have shown increased aggression when it comes to sporting events. One of the most disturbing trends in sports is the increasing frequency and severity of violence. Injuries and deaths among participants are on the rise, as are injuries and deaths among fans and spectators. Violence in sports is an important issue because sports themselves areRead MoreViolence in Sports1840 Words   |  7 PagesLevel 3 PE Violence in Sport and its impact on NZ society Gaby Sansom In my report, I am going to be examining the role that violence plays in New Zealand sport and its impact on the New Zealand society. I will be addressing this topic from a rugby perspective therefore most of my examples will be rugby related. This is because rugby is one of the main sports in New Zealand to the extent that it has become an icon for us. No matter where youRead MoreThe Violence Of The Sports Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagestalent and therefor deserve to have their own sports. They should not have to share with the lesser sex. The main reason for keeping them separated? Money. While countless reports show the difference in male and female salaries, they are not required to know males create a larger profit than female athletics. The University of Oklahoma, for example, is famous for football and sometimes men’s basketball. The stars of the sports grace the covers Sports Illustrated and ESPN columns. They are the facesRead MoreParent Violence in Sports935 Words   |  4 PagesCauses of Parent Violence in Athletics In towns across the nation youth sports is being changed by one thing, violent parents. Society today is experiencing a new phenomena in which parents of children participating in organized sport lash out at other parents, coaches and even players in youth age groups. This all can be traced to three factors; the emotional attachment of parents to their child, the financial investment throughout sports, and simply the lack of knowledge a parent has for theRead MoreEssay on Violence in Sports1396 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in Sports With the increase in society taking a stance against violence, sports has become an area where some feel that the violent acts such as the hitting and fighting that occurs should be eliminated. It is very difficult to change the way that a game is played because people have been playing it that way for years. The violence in sports needs to be eliminated because of the extreme cases that continue to haunt many of the leagues and the players themselves. There are many theoriesRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Violence On Sports Essay2095 Words   |  9 PagesViolence and Aggression In Sports Introduction The prevalence of violence in sports is not simply a modern American problem. There has probably never been a society anywhere on earth without some degree of sports-related interpersonal violence. Roman gladiators, many of whom were volunteers, risked death every time they stepped into the arena. The ritual ball games of Aztec and Mayan culture ended in human sacrifice. The chariot races of ancient Constantinople were accompanied by spectator violenceRead MoreBoxing and Violent Sporting Events1631 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent-physical-sports-should-be-banned Should violent sports be banned? Contact this writer Should violent sport be banned? YES There should be nothing violent about sporting, yet today violent sports has so dominated   the entertainment arena, that some people seems to live by it, and cant get enough of it. These kinds of sports however, should be banned for several reasons.   Violence begets violence, and once there are  limited restrictions, generations after generations will be caught in aRead MoreDeviance in Hockey2210 Words   |  9 PagesViolence in ice hockey has been an identifying staple in the sport since â€Å"the first hockey leagues formed in the mid-1880’s,† (Ice Hockey Origins, Growth and Changes in the Game). Since the modern era of hockey, and the creation of the Stanley Cup, hockey has been viewed as one of the most violent sports in western civilization. Clarence Campbell, former NHL President has even said that â€Å"[w]ithout violence, there would be no such thing as hockey,† (Coakley). To an extent hockey is unmatched in illegal

Persuasive Essay On Animal Testing - 1155 Words

Animal Testing Animal experiments happen all over the world, but are they necessary? Animals are tested for medical research as well as for cosmetics. Some say that these experiments are not painful, so they are justified. Where others believe that all these experiments are inhumane and nothing can justify torturing and killing innocent animals. Although many believe that animal testing is the best way to improve human health by finding new treatments and tests for the safety of the products, the physical torture and painful deaths of animals are not worth the possible human benefits. Some people believe that animal testing is essential for the medical breakthrough, while others disagree. Thanks to biomedical research people†¦show more content†¦But recently modern research has proved that animals don’t always represent as good models for human body. Computer modeling and in vitro testing are new methods that have helped in research without using animals, but animal e xperimenters believe they still need to test on animals to protect humans from harm. They don’t believe the predictions that computer model provides because they are not always accurate. Instead of experimenting on animals they should try to make these computer models better, so they could test how drugs and their targets work better and fit in the molecular structures of each other. In addition, many people believed most animal experiments are not helpful to humans, and they don’t contribute to medical research. These experiments are done on basis of curiosity. Many argue that they use animals so new drugs are not tested on humans. Even though multiple experiments are done on animals, the drugs are still tested on humans. Animals’ tests are so unreliable. In fact, there have been some cases where drugs were tested on animals and they didn’t show any side effects, but when the same drugs were used by humans they suffered serious side effects. For example, in the 1950s a drug named Thalidomide was tested on animals and was considered safe for the treatment of nausea in pregnant women, but later on, it was discovered that the treatment resulted in severe birth defectsShow MoreRelatedPersuasive essay against animal testing764 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Persuasive Essay against Animal Testing Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"I am in favour of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being.†Ã‚  I couldn’t agree more with this statement as I do not believe that animal testing is right and I am totally against it. One of the main reasons I am against animal testing is the fact that the animals don’t have a choice and are being forced to be tested, which can lead to them getting seriously ill or dying as a cause of theRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing748 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Testing, what is it? On dictionary.com the definition for animal testing is, â€Å"noun; The use of non-human animals in research and development projects, esp. for purposes of determining the safety of substances such as foods or drugs† So what does that tell us? That Animal testing is okay, and a good thing for scientific research, right? Well in some cases, using lab rats is for a good cause, to test things out and see what’s cures what, but companies such as Loreal, L’Orà ©al, Maybelline, WindexRead MoreAnimal Testing Persuasive Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history,  animal experimentation  has played an important role in leading to new discoveries and huma n benefits. However, what many people tend to forget are the millions of animals that are tortured or killed during the process of these painful, deadly experiments. Many people seem to misunderstand animal nature and the laboratory procedures and techniques that are executed on the animals. The procedures are cruel, unreliable, and harmful. Luckily there are more humane alternatives thatRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing962 Words   |  4 PagesFor many years, animal testing has been very widely accepted in the world for the purpose of testing products such as makeup, new medicine and medical procedures, as well as determining whether or not some foods are safe for human consumption. It’s a growing problem in the world that has led to the suffering of animals for thousands of years in order to benefit humans. In order to fix this, these tests need more strict regulations to be implemented in order to save animal lives and find lessRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing704 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal testing has been a around since 384 BC. â€Å"Some testing methods require the animal to; die, be exposed to radiation, remove or expose organs, or subject animals to trauma to create depression and/or anxiety.† (â€Å"THE LEADING SOURCE FOR PROS CONS OF CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES†) Animal tests and human results only coordinate about 5- 25% of the time. Not only is it inhumane, but it isnt even all that reliable. Not to mention, it`s an insufficient waste of government money. Yes it has helped us in vaccineRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1078 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal testing isn’t something that’s new and unheard of, it has been around for centuries. Using animals for research testing is not only being done in the U.S but also all over the world. What many people don’t understand is that these tests donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t just involve cute, little mice and a maze with a block of cheese at the finish line, it is long days of just sitting in a small cage with little food waiting to be chosen for the next terrifying and painful experiment. It is a harmful and cruel way ofRead MoreAnimal Testing Persuasive Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages About 19,500,000 animals in total are killed in scientific research every year. This means that about twenty percent of the animals tested on each year die, which may not seem like a large percentage; however, if it is taken into account that this happens to the same species in an endless cycle, the numbers can begin to build. Although, through this process of testing, many lifesaving medicines have been created for all types of animals including humans. So, the issue the world is experiencing rightRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1521 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion animals are killed each year in the name of animal testing. Now as some might say that sacrifice is needed for the common good, it is safe to say that animal testing may be taking it over the top to get such test results for the common good. Animal testing has been a common practice for many years to get results and side effects for food, drugs, pesticides, beauty products, and just about everything one uses in an average day. But now, in the modern world where ethics and animals rightsRead MoreAnimal Testing. Persuasive Speech Outline Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesZoee Gaige-Wilson Persuasive Speech Outline I. Introduction Animals can be ferocious and wild, but they can also be gentle and tame. Some are our pets, and some are powerful forces that are to be respected and admired. It is as easy to appreciate a loyal dog as it is to be in awe of a lion in its natural habitat. But the truth that many people either don’t know or don’t appreciate is that animals are essential to human existence and have played a vital role in improving the quality of ourRead MorePersuasive Speech Against Animal Testing Essay1992 Words   |  8 PagesTopic: Animal Testing Purpose: To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and unethical Relevance: animals are people too and no one wants an animal to suffer for the wrong reasons Intro Imagene being taken to a place where you are locked up, with barely any room for movement, in a small cage. You are taken every once in a while to get your hair shaved off, and things rubbed into your skin that could potentially make your hair never grow back, or it burns you and makes

What are the factors that Influence Slope Stability Free Essays

string(69) " obtained by using the discontinuity layout optimize method \(DLO\)\." CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview A slope is a ground surface that inclines either may be natural or man-made. Each slope has its own soil characteristics and geometric features, in order to resist gravity or collapse. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the factors that Influence Slope Stability? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Soil mass will move slowly or suddenly without any signage downward and outward when slope failure occurred. Slides usually begin from hairline tension cracks, which propagate through the soil layers (Das,1994). Slope failures have caused an unquantified number of causalities and economic loss. However, in rural area and less populated less effect of mass movements, only being part of natural degradation of the land surface. In the case of coastal cliffs instability involving the destruction of property is often accepted due to the costs of resisting natural erosion process with cliff stabilization measures are prohibitive. Factors that Influence Slope Stability Figure 1, (Tulane University, Prof. Stephen A. Nelson, 6 oct 2010) Gravity is the main force for mass wasting. Its acts everywhere on the earth’s surface, and then pulls everything in direction towards the middle of the earth’s. By looking at the figure 1, gravity acts downwards on the flats surface. Therefore the materials will not moving under the force of the gravity. It will be different case when a material is placed on a slope, by resolving the force of gravity to two component acting perpendiculars and tangential to the slope. The figure 2 below shows the steps of how the two components resolved:- Figure 2, (Tulane University, Prof. Stephen A. Nelson, 6 oct 2010) The Perpendicular component of gravity, gp, acts to hold the material in place on it position. Meanwhile the tangential component of the gravity, gt, and cause shear stress parallel to the slope pulls the material acting downwards direction as shown in figure 2. When the angle slope increase, the shear stress or the tangential component of gravity, gt also increases but the perpendicular component of gravity, gp will decreases. Force that resisting the movements down the slope are classified as shear strength as it involves the cohesion and frictional resistance surrounded by the particles that make up the object. The material will move down-slope when the sheer stress is larger than the total forces holding the object on the slope. However, when the materials like soil, clay, sand, silts and etc, the shear stress will become higher than the cohesional forces which hold, the particles will flow down slope and separate. Consequently, the down-slope movement is preferential by the steeper slope angles the stress also increase and everything that decreases the shear strength for example by lowering the cohesion among the particles or the frictional resistance. In other words, it is often known as the safety factor, Fs, the ratio of shear strength to shear stress. Fs = Shear Strength/Shear Stress When the value of safety factor less than 1.0, it indicates that slope failure is expected. 1.2 Aims To perform the different method of slope stability analysis used by both programs. To design the suitable parameters of soil To obtain factor of safety which should be equal to one (FOS= 1.0) To compare the outcome run by both software. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Due to the consequences of slope failure, the topic has received extensive treatment in the literature. Several models and analytical techniques have been developed to describe a variety of geometric and soil characteristics. The majority of literature focuses on deterministic evaluation of slope stability, however, with the new technology nowadays slope stability can be determine or predict factor of safety of the soil strength just simply entering the parameters. For this project the programmed used to analysis the slope stability had used different method approached to solve the factor of safety required for the problems being analysed. In Limitstate:Geo 2.0,Discontinuity Layout Optimization (DLO) method was used to approaches the problems. Meanwhile, in Geostudio 2007 the method use was General Limit Equilibrium. Thereafter, the factors of safety equations were presented to highlight the importance of modelling assumptions. This chapter presents a review of slope stability analysis methods, including determining the factor of safety for the soil strength and the designing the soil parameters. The variability within soil parameters is summarized in this review. Finally, several case studies of slope stability analysis are summarized. The slope stability can be analyse nowadays by using a computer program. LimitState: Geo 2.0 and Geostudio 2007 are examples programs can be used to analyse the slope stability. Drained and un drained analysis is required to be analyse to find out the factor of safety of the soil strength such that the slope collapses with soil parameters .The parameters of the soil properties have to be design until the factor of safety obtained equal to one (F.O.S =1). 2.2 Background study For this project, there were two computer softwares used for modeling the slope stability problems named Limitstate: Geo 2.0 and GeoStudio 2007. By using this new technology being developed, modelling and calculating the factor of safety and the adequacy factor of the soil have been made easier to be obtained. These both softwares produce the same aim to produce the outcome of the slope stability analysis but the term used for the results were different. In LImitState: Geo 2.0 the output produced was the adequacy factor and Geostudio 2007 gave factor of safety as it results. Adequacy factor is the factor by which specified load, material self weight must be multiplied by to cause collapse (Limitstate: Geo 2.0, 2010). Factor of safety is defined as the ratio of the available shear resistance (capacity) to that required for equilibrium (Geostudio, 2007). In GeoStudio 2007 (SLOPE/W), the minimum factor of safety of moment and force produced was obtained by using different method such as Bishop simplified method, Ordinary method, Janbu method and M-P method. In this software, the minimum factors of safety to be focus only the Morgenstern-Price method. Meanwhile, in Limitstate: Geo 2.0 the outcome produced was obtained by using the discontinuity layout optimize method (DLO). You read "What are the factors that Influence Slope Stability?" in category "Essay examples" 2.2.1 How Discontinuity Layout Optimized works? In Limitstate:Geo 2.0, Discontinuity Layout Optimization is a solution engine to analyse the slope stability problems. This procedure was developed at University of Sheffield. Beside that this method can be used to identify critical transitional sliding block failure mechanism with no limitations. Discontinuity layout optimization is a limit analysis method that effectively allows free choice of slip-line orientation, and the critical solution identified may involve the failing soil mass being divided into a large number of sliding blocks. Accuracy can be assessed by determining the influence of nodal refinement. DLO also readily handles variation of soil parameters, and heterogeneous bodies of soil. Discontinuity Layout Optimized procedures occupy a few steps as shown in diagram below. There are number of steps of procedure involved in DLO. The initial step of the procedure is by identifying complex failure patterns through the set of potential discontinuities. In terms of equilibrium relations or in terms of displacements, DLO can be formulated. The aim of the mathematical optimization problem in the’ kinetic’ formulation(i.e DLO which is formulated in terms of displacement) is to minimize the internal energy degenerate along discontinuities, focus in the direction on nodal compatibility constraints. This can be solved via resourceful linear programming techniques and, when combined with an algorithm initially developed for bind layout optimization problems, where modern computer power can be used to directly search through very large numbers of different malfunction mechanism topologies. 2.2.2 How General Limit Equlibrium works? Formulation used in general limit equilibrium was developed by Fredlund at the University of Saskatchewan in the 1970s (Fredlund and Krahn 1977; Fredlund et al. 1981). This technique includes the key elements of all the other methods available in the slope stability analysis in Geostudio 2007. There are several general limit equilibrium (GLE) methods have been developed for slope stability analyses purposes. They are:- i) Fellenius (1936) which introduced the first method. It is also known as the Ordinary or the Swedish method and used for a circular slip surface. ii) Bishop (1955) had advanced the first method by introducing a new relationship for the base normal force. Hence, the equation for the FOS hence became non-linear. iii) Janbu (1954a) developed a simplified method for non-circular failure surfaces, dividing a potential sliding mass into several vertical slices. The generalized procedure of slices (GPS) was developed at the same time as a further development of the simplified method (Janbu, 1973). iv) Morgenstern-Price (1965), v) Spencer (1967), vi) Sarma (1973) and; Several others made further assumptions and modification on the interslice forces. As for example, a procedure of General limit equilibrium (GLE) was developed by Chugh (1986) through the extension of the Spencer and Morgenstern-Price methods, which satisfying both moment and force equilibrium conditions (Krahn 2004, Abramson et al. 2002). In this general limit equilibrium, the formulation is based on two factors of safety equations. The equations are: i) Factor of safety with respect to moment equilibrium (Fm). Eq 1.0 ii) Factor of safety with respect to horizontal force equilibrium. Eq 1. The terms in the equations are: c’= effective cohesion ?’= effective angle of friction U= pore-water pressure N = slice base normal force W = slice weight D = concentrated point load ?, R, x, f, d, ? = geometric parameters ? = inclination of slice base Both moment and force equilibrium have to be achieves by finding the cross-over point of the Fm and Ff curves. 2.2.2.1 Morgenstern-Price Method For the analysis Morgenstern-Price Method was used to determine the Factor of Safety of the slope due to it allowed for various user-specified inter-slice force functions. The inter-slice functions available in SLOPE/W for use with the Morgenstern-Price (M-P) method are (1) Constant, (2) Half-sine, (3) Clipped-sine, (4) Trapezoidal and (5) Data-point specified. By selecting the Constant function makes the M-P method identical to the Spencer method (Geo-Studio, 2007). Morgenstern and Price proposed an equation to be used to handle the interslice shear forces. The equation is: The terms are:- f(x) = a function, l = the percentage (in decimal form) of the function used, E = the interslice normal force, and X = the interslice shear force. In SLOPE/W the values of lambda is varies from -1.25 to +1.25 but sometimes it is needs to be narrowed due to it is not possible to reached a achieved solution at the boundaries of the range. Consequently, the general limit equilibrium helps in understand the differences between the various methods and understand what is happening behind the scenes. Figure XX shows how the moment and force factors of safety vary with lambda. The M-P Factor of safety occurs where the two curves across. Once the X value obtained it must match with the inter-slice shear value (E2) on the free body diagram as shown in figure†¦. As with the Spencer method, the force polygon closure is very good with the M-P method, since both shear and normal inter-slice forces are included (Geo-Studio, 2007). CHAPTER 3: RESULTS 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, it presents the results obtained from the analysis done using both programmed. There were some cases analyzed to compare the results produce by both programmed. First case, the problems to modeling the analysis must obtained the factor of safety equal to one. The parameters given for each drain and undrained analysis stated in the problem. Meanwhile the rest of the case shows the different value obtained for factor of safety with same case using both programmed. 3.2 Case 1: one layer of soil and changing parameters to obtain F.O.S is 1 Material strength properties: Table 1: soil material strength properties Results for drained analysis Table 3: Minimum factor of safety for undrained analysis From the results obtained from the data shown above does not give the factor of safety of the slope stability equal to one. Hence tables below shows the changes of parameters for both drained and undrained analysis in order to obtained the factor of safety equal or near to one. Drained analysis: Outcome produce by both programmed as the phi is changing but the remaining parameters stay constant. Outcome produce by both programmed as the slope is increase but the rest of the parameters stay the same. Undrained analysis: The table below the results obtained for the undrained analysis to obtained factor of safety equal or nearly to one as changing the undrained shear strength:- 3.3 Case 2: two different layers of soil with different parameters. Figure 5 Material strength properties: Results: CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1 Case 1 In the case scope 1, with the materials properties given as shown in table†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦its shows that the minimum factor of safety obtained for drained analysis by using limitstate: Geo 2.0 is 2.225 compare to Geostudio 2007 which is 1.064. Meanwhile for undrained analysis the results obtained was only slightly different which is different by 0.013. The main point for this case 1 was to obtain minimum factor of safety equal to one for both drained and undrained analysis. Therefore in order to obtain the factor of safety equal to one for the slope stability for drained analysis there are two factors to be considered. Firstly, change the drained friction angle (phi) but maintained the other soil parameters constant. Secondly, maintained drained friction angle and the other parameters constant but change the angle slope of the problems. Meanwhile for the undrained analysis the same analysis was carried out but in this case was to obtain the factor of safety equal to one; only the undrained shear strength was changed. From the results gathered in table†¦.It shows that when the phi was changed and the others parameters remain the same, the results obtained was different in order to obtained the near ideal factor of safety, where by using Limitstate: Geo 2.0 the phi values to obtain was 29.5 °. Meanwhile, Geostudio 2007 produced the factor of safety nearly to one when the phi was 30 °. For the case of changing the slope angles and the remaining material strength properties stay the same, the results was tabulated in table†¦.It shows that in Limitstate: Geo 2.0 the factor of safety close to one was 29.5 °. Meanwhile, in Geostudio 2007 the slope angles obtained was one degree smaller than the Limitstate: Geo 2.0. 5.2 Case 2 In the case scope 2, the minimum factor of safety produced by Limitstate: Geo 2.0 was 75 % higher than Geostudio 2007 due to different highest inter-slice forces obtained during stimulate the analysis. In Geostudio 2007, the highest forces was†¦..Meanwhile, the biggest forces value in Limitstate: Geo 2.0 was†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Besdie that, 5.3 General discussion different FOS obtained from both programmed. As mentioned earlier, the method approached to find the factor of safety by both programmed were different make the solutions obtained from any analysis also different. Hence, the solution obtained might small or huge differences between the outcomes produce by both programmed. In Geostudio 2007, Morgenstern-Price (M-P) method was used to perform the analysis. In this method, shear and normal inter-slice forces were considered and satisfies both moment and force equilibrium. Not only that, it allows variety of user-selected inter-slice force function. Simpler methods do not include all inter-slice forces and do not satisfy all equations of equilibrium sometimes can be on the unsafe side (Geostudio, 2007). In Limitstate: Geo 2.0, the accuracy of solution controlled by specified nodal density. Within the set of all possible discontinuities linking pairs of nodes, all potential transitional failure mechanism was considered. Failure Mechanisms involving rotations along the edges of the solid bodies can be identified. The critical mechanism and collapse factor of safety were determined based on upper bound theorem of plasticity. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION The results has fulfilled the aims of the study in determine the minimum factor of safety equal to one for drained and undrained analysis for case 1. Base on the FOS simulated, the both programmed give different results for the same case analysed due to the method used to run the programmed. However, though in case 1 the factor of safety produce almost similar values, it inter-sliced forces produced by both programmed will be different due to the shape of interslice form by each method will be not the same. Safe fill slope construction required a geotechnical input by the engineers with relevant geotechnical experience during planning, design, construction and maintenance. Therefore, high factor of safety produce will give high cost but will bring up good quality over period of time. CHAPTER 6: COMPARISON BETWEEN LIMITSTATE: GEO 2.0 AND GEOSTUDIO 2007 From the desk study analysis using both limitstate:Geo 2.0 and Geostudio 2007 programmed, there are strengths and limitations of each programmed to run slope stability analysis which are summaries in the table shown below:- CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES Limitstate Ltd. (October 4, 2010). LimitState:GEO Manual VERSION 2.0 http://www.limitstate.com/files/pdf/geo/GEO_Manual.pdf. Last accessed 14/3/2011. D.G. Fredlund.(2001) The relationship between Limit Equilibrium Slope Stability Methods, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Geostudio.(2010) Stability Modeling with SLOPE/W 2007 Version, Geo-Slope International Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Geotechnics 2 Notes: Slope stability. Belfast: Queen’s University of Belfast. How to cite What are the factors that Influence Slope Stability?, Essay examples

Total Synthesis Of Cp Compounds Essays - Total Synthesis

Total Synthesis Of Cp Compounds Total Synthesis of CP Compounds Man's fascination with the many uses that can be found with the exploitation of natural substances has been demonstrated time and again throughout history, but the stage was set at the turn of the century for organic chemists to begin to focus on utilizing natural compounds for the benefit of medicinal and industrial uses. The discoveries of penicillin, aspirin, and other naturally occurring useful compounds in the earlier parts of the century set the stage for the utilization and exploitation of biologically active compounds as a molecular science. However, there are limits as to how much we can do with what nature provides us. This puts the role of the synthetic organic chemist at the forefront of synthetic compound synthesis technology. KC Nicolaou is one such leader. The main goal of Nicolaou's lab is the complete synthesis of naturally occurring compounds, along with solid phase chemistry, molecular design, combinatorial synthesis, and biological investigations; some of the resu lts of Nicolaou's work include: the total synthesis of the anticancer agent Toxol, the marine neurotoxins brevetoxins A and B, the anititumor agents epothilones A and B, eleutherobin and sarcodictyins, the antibiotic vancomycin, the cholesterol-lowering CP-molecules, the immunosuppressant agent sanglifehrin A, the antibiotic everninomicin, and a number of bisorbicillinoids such as trichodimerol, bisorbicillinol, and bisorbibutenolide. Another example of Dr. Nicolaou's work is a paper published in Chemistry International entitled The Absolute Configuration and Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the CP Molecules (co-authored by Jae-Kyu Jung, Won Hyung Yoon, Yun He, Yong-Li Zhong, and Phil Baran.) In this paper, Nicolaou and his associates describe how their goal was both the total synthesis of these CP compounds (achieved in 1999) along with the determination of their absolute configurations; methods used in initial attempts to determine absolute configuration at different carbons included X-ray crystallography and NMR. Nicolaou set about synthesizing this compound by thinking through possible reactions that he might use to begin to build the carbon skeleton needed for this molecule. His team decided on a type-II intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction as the key step to generation of the core skeleton. The Diels-Alder reaction utilizes a dienophile in order to form new carbon-carbon bonds in a single step, in this case to form multiple ring structures. However, Nicolaou ran into trouble when several reagent-based enantioselective approaches with the precursor failed to yield appreciable levels of the desired product. After much study of this problem, Nicolaou's team came to the conclusion that a Lewis acid catalyst would be their best shot at inducing the asymmetry needed for this particular absolute configuration. After several more reaction steps, the team had two diastereomeric diols in a racemic mixture that were then converted to enantiomeric aldehydes with TBAF an d NaIO4 - induced oxidative cleavage. After conversion to the indoline, the synthetic compound was compared to the naturally derived compound using NMR, TLC, and IR spectroscopy. However, the optical rotation of the synthetic compound was opposite in magnitude to the naturally derived CP molecule; the synthetic compound was verified as the enantiomer of the naturally occurring compound circular dichroism spectroscopy, and thus, the absolute configuration was verified. This paper parallels Nicolaou's research goals by showing how this team determined the absolute configuration of a complex compound they synthesized from a much simpler molecule (glycidol). It also shows the importance of techniques used to determine structure and content of complex molecules, such as NMR and IR spectroscopy. Mythology Essays